Local Proxy For Mac

December 2009, updated periodically

• Local Proxy For Mac Os
• Mac Proxy Setting
• Free Proxy Server For Mac
• Set Up Proxy Server Mac

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Mac OS X 10.6 SnowLeopard,launched August 2009, included a new feature, Sleep Proxy Service, also known as Wake on Demand.

This page describes what you can expect Sleep Proxy Service to do, and, if itdoesn't seem to be working correctly, how you can investigate what's going on.

What to Expect

Sleeping machines can be woken automatically when needed to provide network services.This lets you put machines to sleep to save power, without losing accessibility tothe network services those machines provide. Examples of network services include:

• Macs with USB-connected printers, providing Printer Sharing.
• Macs with iTunes media, being served to Apple TVs or other iTunes machines.
• Back to My Mac machines at home that are sleeping, and then woken on demandwhen you connect to them (from inside or outside the home).
• Command-line login using ssh.
• Any other Bonjour-advertised service.

Hardware You Will Need to Run the Tests Described Here

1. A Mac, providing network services, that will go to sleep.
2. A Sleep Proxy, that will wake the sleeping machine on demand.
3. A client, that will access the sleeping machine (1), causing the Sleep Proxy (2) to wake it.

Testing Sleep Proxy Service

1. The Mac That Will Go to Sleep

The Mac that will go to sleep needs to be offering some Bonjour-advertised network services(e.g. services enabled in Sharing Prefs, or apps like iTunes running with sharing enabled).

It needs to have 'Wake for network access' enabled in the Energy Saver Prefs.

In the case of a laptop, due to power management rules enforced by the current systemsoftware, it needs both (a) to be connected to AC power and (b) to have a displayavailable (either lid open, or an external display connected).

Sleep Proxy wakeup is supported on all Macs connected via Ethernet.

On Macs connected via Wi-Fi, Sleep Proxy wakeup is supposed to be supported when associatedwith compatible Wi-Fi base station. Current Apple AirPort base stations(running up-to-date firmware) are all supposed to supportWake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN),but there have been reports of it not working reliably, and other Wi-Fi base stations may not support WoWLAN at all.When troubleshooting Sleep Proxy you should test initially using a server Mac connectedvia Ethernet, to eliminate Wi-Fi compatibility issues. If that works reliably,you can then move on to testing a server Mac connected via Wi-Fi.

2. The Sleep Proxy

In normal operation, the Sleep Proxy will be a low-power device that is alwayson, like an AirPort base station or Apple TV. No configuration is required.These devices automatically offer Sleep Proxy service on the network.It's okay to have more than one Sleep Proxy on the network —the Mac going to sleep will pick the best one automatically.

In the instructions below I'll show you how to use a Mac as your Sleep Proxy, insteadof an AirPort base station or Apple TV. Being able to easily view the system log on your Macgives you better visibility into what's going on and what the Sleep Proxy is doing.

3. The Client

Anything. Tiger, Leopard, SnowLeopard, Lion, Windows, Linux, iPhone,iPad, Android, or anything else that has TCP/IP, it doesn't matter.Connect to your sleeping server from any client device and the serverwill magically wake to serve you, regardless of whether you connect byIP address, by hostname, or via Bonjour browsing. The server will wakeregardless of whether the client is right next to it on the same link,or 30 Internet hops away on the other side of the planet.

Reachability

Other Wake-on-LAN solutions require the client be be on the same LAN segment(same broadcast domain) as the sleeping server that will be woken.Many Wake-on-LAN solutions claim to work remotely,but really they only work as long as they're lucky and ARP cache entries don't time out.You may put a server to sleep and then immediately test it by waking itfrom a remote client, and it may wake successfully, and it may be temptingto conclude from that superficial short-term test that you have a reliablelong-term solution, that you can depend on days or weeks from now whenyou're away from home and your need your computer to wake up for you.In reality, the short-term test only works if you're lucky and therouter's ARP cache entry for the sleeping server has not yet timed out.If you put the machine to sleep and then wait an hour or two before you tryto wake it remotely, you may find it's not so dependable after all.

The Sleep Proxy Service solves this problem by being your proxy onthe same LAN segment as the sleeping server, so it can wake the sleepingserver directly, without going through the router's ARP cache.You may not be able to reach the sleeping server directly to wake it,but the Sleep Proxy Service can, on your behalf.The Sleep Proxy Service notices your attempt to access the server, and wakes it foryou, reliably, every time, without failures caused by timed-out ARP cache entries.If your server is currently reachable across the public Internetwhen it's awake, then you can now reach it the same way even when it's asleep.There are a variety of ways to have a server be reachable across thepublic Internet, all of which work with Sleep Proxy Service. Examples include:

• Giving the server a genuine public global IPv4 or IPv6 address, unhindered by firewalls or NATs that will block traffic.
• Using a wide-area service directory like Wide-Area Bonjour[DynDNS page][AFP548 page 1][AFP548 page 2],along with a home NAT gateway that supports eitherNAT Port Mapping Protocol or the newerPort Control Protocol.
• Using Apple's Back to My Mac service.
• Manually creating a static NAT port mapping.
• Manually configuring a default NAT host (also sometimes called a 'DMZ host').

The remainder of this article assumes that if you want to have a server bereachable across the public Internet you already know how to do that; the focus hereis on how to have that server device sleep to save power, and wake automatically when needed.

Technical Details:

What Will Wake a Sleeping Machine?

To reduce unnecessary wakeups, the Sleep Proxy will wake asleeping machine only when the proxy sees an incoming IP UDP packet or incoming IP TCPconnection request for a Bonjour-advertised service on the sleeping machine.In particular this means that 'pinging' a sleeping machine WILL NOT wake it,since 'ping' is not one of the Bonjour-advertised services on the sleepingmachine.

There is one exception to the rule above, for the benefit of command-line users:For TCP port 22 (ssh) the Sleep Proxy will also wake a sleeping machine forplain data packets, not just incoming IP TCP connection requests(TCP SYN).This means that you can log in to a machine viassh, put it to sleep with 'pmset sleepnow' and then the next time you type akeystroke in that window, the sleeping machine will magically wake for you.When you've finished what you wanted to do, you can let it idle sleep by itself, or formaximum power savings type 'pmset sleepnow' to put it straight back to sleep immediately.

Running the Tests: Using a Mac as your Sleep Proxy

Part One: Setting up the Sleep Proxy Mac

1. In Energy Saver Prefs, set your test sleep proxy Mac to never sleep

2. Edit your test sleep proxy Mac's/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile to add '-OfferSleepProxyService' and the priority (10) like this:

Adobe lightroom mac download. Important: Perform this edit carefully, since if the/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile is malformed or corrupted, it will prevent the machine from booting.

Also, if you edited the file using emacs, you MUST remove the emacs backup file(the file with a tilde at the end of the name,/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plist~)or your Mac will not start up.

Important: Do not skip the previous check! If you do not remove theemacs backup file your Mac will not start up! If this happens you'll haveto boot your Mac from an external disk or bootable DVD (or put your Mac intoTarget Disk Modeand connect it to another Mac to access the filesystem)to remove the offending file from your boot volume.

3. Restart your test sleep proxy Mac.

4. After it has restarted, enable Sleep Proxy logging, by typing this in a Terminal window:

This turns on mDNSResponder debug logging. You only need to do this once toturn on mDNSResponder debug logging until the next reboot. You can reduce the volume ofmDNSResponder log messages to show just Sleep Proxy messages with this command:

Now watch /var/log/system.log, like this:

Leave that window open while you run the tests below.

Now that your Sleep Proxy Mac is up and running, we'll move on to the sleeping server..

Part Two: Setting up the Mac That Will Go to Sleep

5. Set up server Mac you're going to put to sleep.

Some newer Macs have network interface hardware that includes its own built-in Sleep Proxy.This is great, but you're not going to see how Sleep Proxy works if the sleeping Mac isusing its own built-in Sleep Proxy instead of the Network Sleep Proxy you just set up.Mac OS X 10.7 Lion includes theability to tell mDNSResponder to ignore the built-in Sleep Proxy and use a NetworkSleep Proxy instead. To tell mDNSResponder to ignore the built-in Sleep Proxy and usethe Network Sleep Proxy you just set up, edit your server Mac's/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile to add '-UseInternalSleepProxy 0' as shown below.

(If your server Mac you're going to put to sleep is not runningMac OS X 10.7 Lionyou can skip this step and continue with the rest of these tests, but seeFurther Debugging Information belowto see how to determine whether your Mac has a built-in Sleep Proxy or whether itused your network Sleep Proxy. If your Mac has a built-in Sleep Proxyand it's not working for you, your only option is to upgrade toMac OS X 10.7 Lionso you can tell mDNSResponder not to use the built-in Sleep Proxy. Sorry.)

Important: Perform this edit carefully, since if the/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile is malformed or corrupted, it will prevent the machine from booting.

Also, if you edited the file using emacs, you MUST remove the emacs backup file(the file with a tilde at the end of the name,/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plist~)or your Mac will not start up.

Important: Do not skip the previous check! If you do not remove theemacs backup file your Mac will not start up! If this happens you'll haveto boot your Mac from an external disk or bootable DVD (or put your Mac intoTarget Disk Modeand connect it to another Mac to access the filesystem)to remove the offending file from your boot volume.

6. Restart the server Mac you're going to put to sleep.

7. After it has restarted, open a Terminal window and verify that it sees your new sleep proxy with priority '10':

8. Verify that mDNSResponder on your machine that will sleep has detected your new Sleep Proxy:

In a Terminal window on the machine that will sleep, type:

The section 'Network Interfaces' in the syslog output lists the networkinterfaces on your machine that Bonjour knows about. For any interface which(a) Bonjour believes to be capable of Wake On LAN and (b) Bonjour hasdiscovered a Bonjour Sleep Proxy, you should see a black sun ('☀')immediately preceding the address at the end of the line, like this:

For any interface which (a) Bonjour believes to be capable of Wake On LAN but(b) no Sleep Proxy has been discovered yet, you should see a white sun('☼'). This means that Bonjour is willing to use a Sleep Proxy on thisinterface, but hasn't found one yet.

9. Select 'Sleep' from the Apple menu to put your server Mac to sleep.

10. On your test sleep proxy Mac you should see messages saying a client has registered its Bonjour records, like this:

Now that your server Mac is sleeping, it's time to access it from a client and see it wake..

Part Three: Waking the Sleeping Mac

Local Proxy For Mac Os

11. Access your sleeping server Mac over the network.

For example, if your sleeping server Mac has ssh enabled, on a client machine you can:

Mac Proxy Setting

1. Run Terminal
2. Press Cmd-Shift-K ('New Remote Connection' on the 'Shell' menu)
3. In the 'Service' list, click on 'Secure Shell (ssh)'
4. In the 'Server' list, click on your sleeping server's name
5. The command field at the bottom of the window will auto-populate with the appropriate command
6. Click 'Connect'

(Or you can open a Terminal window and type: ssh my-sleeping-mac.local)

12. Your sleeping server Mac should wake, virtually instantaneously.Depending on the model of Mac, you may even hear its power relays clickon at the exact moment you click the 'Connect' button.

13. On your test sleep proxy Mac you should see messages saying why it woke the sleeping server, like this:

The key line is the 'Waking host' line. In this case the Sleep Proxy iswaking the sleeping server because the Sleep Proxy saw a TCP SYN to port22.

If your sleeping server Mac keeps waking when you don't want it to, checkthe system.log messages on your test sleep proxy Mac and look for the 'Waking'line. That should tell you what service is being accessed that is causing itto wake. If you don't see any, then the sleep proxy didn't wake your server.On the sleeping server Mac that woke up you can run 'pmset -g log' which maygive a hint as to why it thought it woke up.

Further Debugging Information

For more information about what's happening on the server Mac that's going to sleep,you can turn on detailed Sleep Proxy logging just like you did for your Sleep Proxy Mac:

Now, after the server Mac has woken, you can look at itssystem.log messages to see what it did.

In particular, if you see 'BeginSleepProcessing: .. using local proxy'then that means you need to go back and do step (5) to tell mDNSResponder not to use thelocal NIC proxy.

If you see 'BeginSleepProcessing: .. Found Sleep Proxy Server ..'then that means your server Mac is using a Sleep Proxy it found on the network, andthe message tells you which network Sleep Proxy it is using.

Using Bonjour Sleep Proxy with Microsoft Windows

Sleep Proxy wakeup is supported on all Macs connected via Ethernet.

On Macs connected via Wi-Fi, Sleep Proxy wakeup is supposed to be supported when associatedwith compatible Wi-Fi base station. Current Apple AirPort base stations(running up-to-date firmware) are all supposed to supportWake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN),but there have been reports of it not working reliably, and other Wi-Fi base stations may not support WoWLAN at all.When troubleshooting Sleep Proxy you should test initially using a server Mac connectedvia Ethernet, to eliminate Wi-Fi compatibility issues. If that works reliably,you can then move on to testing a server Mac connected via Wi-Fi.

2. The Sleep Proxy

In normal operation, the Sleep Proxy will be a low-power device that is alwayson, like an AirPort base station or Apple TV. No configuration is required.These devices automatically offer Sleep Proxy service on the network.It's okay to have more than one Sleep Proxy on the network —the Mac going to sleep will pick the best one automatically.

In the instructions below I'll show you how to use a Mac as your Sleep Proxy, insteadof an AirPort base station or Apple TV. Being able to easily view the system log on your Macgives you better visibility into what's going on and what the Sleep Proxy is doing.

3. The Client

Anything. Tiger, Leopard, SnowLeopard, Lion, Windows, Linux, iPhone,iPad, Android, or anything else that has TCP/IP, it doesn't matter.Connect to your sleeping server from any client device and the serverwill magically wake to serve you, regardless of whether you connect byIP address, by hostname, or via Bonjour browsing. The server will wakeregardless of whether the client is right next to it on the same link,or 30 Internet hops away on the other side of the planet.

Reachability

Other Wake-on-LAN solutions require the client be be on the same LAN segment(same broadcast domain) as the sleeping server that will be woken.Many Wake-on-LAN solutions claim to work remotely,but really they only work as long as they're lucky and ARP cache entries don't time out.You may put a server to sleep and then immediately test it by waking itfrom a remote client, and it may wake successfully, and it may be temptingto conclude from that superficial short-term test that you have a reliablelong-term solution, that you can depend on days or weeks from now whenyou're away from home and your need your computer to wake up for you.In reality, the short-term test only works if you're lucky and therouter's ARP cache entry for the sleeping server has not yet timed out.If you put the machine to sleep and then wait an hour or two before you tryto wake it remotely, you may find it's not so dependable after all.

The Sleep Proxy Service solves this problem by being your proxy onthe same LAN segment as the sleeping server, so it can wake the sleepingserver directly, without going through the router's ARP cache.You may not be able to reach the sleeping server directly to wake it,but the Sleep Proxy Service can, on your behalf.The Sleep Proxy Service notices your attempt to access the server, and wakes it foryou, reliably, every time, without failures caused by timed-out ARP cache entries.If your server is currently reachable across the public Internetwhen it's awake, then you can now reach it the same way even when it's asleep.There are a variety of ways to have a server be reachable across thepublic Internet, all of which work with Sleep Proxy Service. Examples include:

• Giving the server a genuine public global IPv4 or IPv6 address, unhindered by firewalls or NATs that will block traffic.
• Using a wide-area service directory like Wide-Area Bonjour[DynDNS page][AFP548 page 1][AFP548 page 2],along with a home NAT gateway that supports eitherNAT Port Mapping Protocol or the newerPort Control Protocol.
• Using Apple's Back to My Mac service.
• Manually creating a static NAT port mapping.
• Manually configuring a default NAT host (also sometimes called a 'DMZ host').

The remainder of this article assumes that if you want to have a server bereachable across the public Internet you already know how to do that; the focus hereis on how to have that server device sleep to save power, and wake automatically when needed.

Technical Details:

What Will Wake a Sleeping Machine?

To reduce unnecessary wakeups, the Sleep Proxy will wake asleeping machine only when the proxy sees an incoming IP UDP packet or incoming IP TCPconnection request for a Bonjour-advertised service on the sleeping machine.In particular this means that 'pinging' a sleeping machine WILL NOT wake it,since 'ping' is not one of the Bonjour-advertised services on the sleepingmachine.

There is one exception to the rule above, for the benefit of command-line users:For TCP port 22 (ssh) the Sleep Proxy will also wake a sleeping machine forplain data packets, not just incoming IP TCP connection requests(TCP SYN).This means that you can log in to a machine viassh, put it to sleep with 'pmset sleepnow' and then the next time you type akeystroke in that window, the sleeping machine will magically wake for you.When you've finished what you wanted to do, you can let it idle sleep by itself, or formaximum power savings type 'pmset sleepnow' to put it straight back to sleep immediately.

Running the Tests: Using a Mac as your Sleep Proxy

Part One: Setting up the Sleep Proxy Mac

1. In Energy Saver Prefs, set your test sleep proxy Mac to never sleep

2. Edit your test sleep proxy Mac's/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile to add '-OfferSleepProxyService' and the priority (10) like this:

Adobe lightroom mac download. Important: Perform this edit carefully, since if the/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile is malformed or corrupted, it will prevent the machine from booting.

Also, if you edited the file using emacs, you MUST remove the emacs backup file(the file with a tilde at the end of the name,/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plist~)or your Mac will not start up.

Important: Do not skip the previous check! If you do not remove theemacs backup file your Mac will not start up! If this happens you'll haveto boot your Mac from an external disk or bootable DVD (or put your Mac intoTarget Disk Modeand connect it to another Mac to access the filesystem)to remove the offending file from your boot volume.

3. Restart your test sleep proxy Mac.

4. After it has restarted, enable Sleep Proxy logging, by typing this in a Terminal window:

This turns on mDNSResponder debug logging. You only need to do this once toturn on mDNSResponder debug logging until the next reboot. You can reduce the volume ofmDNSResponder log messages to show just Sleep Proxy messages with this command:

Now watch /var/log/system.log, like this:

Leave that window open while you run the tests below.

Now that your Sleep Proxy Mac is up and running, we'll move on to the sleeping server..

Part Two: Setting up the Mac That Will Go to Sleep

5. Set up server Mac you're going to put to sleep.

Some newer Macs have network interface hardware that includes its own built-in Sleep Proxy.This is great, but you're not going to see how Sleep Proxy works if the sleeping Mac isusing its own built-in Sleep Proxy instead of the Network Sleep Proxy you just set up.Mac OS X 10.7 Lion includes theability to tell mDNSResponder to ignore the built-in Sleep Proxy and use a NetworkSleep Proxy instead. To tell mDNSResponder to ignore the built-in Sleep Proxy and usethe Network Sleep Proxy you just set up, edit your server Mac's/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile to add '-UseInternalSleepProxy 0' as shown below.

(If your server Mac you're going to put to sleep is not runningMac OS X 10.7 Lionyou can skip this step and continue with the rest of these tests, but seeFurther Debugging Information belowto see how to determine whether your Mac has a built-in Sleep Proxy or whether itused your network Sleep Proxy. If your Mac has a built-in Sleep Proxyand it's not working for you, your only option is to upgrade toMac OS X 10.7 Lionso you can tell mDNSResponder not to use the built-in Sleep Proxy. Sorry.)

Important: Perform this edit carefully, since if the/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plistfile is malformed or corrupted, it will prevent the machine from booting.

Also, if you edited the file using emacs, you MUST remove the emacs backup file(the file with a tilde at the end of the name,/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plist~)or your Mac will not start up.

Important: Do not skip the previous check! If you do not remove theemacs backup file your Mac will not start up! If this happens you'll haveto boot your Mac from an external disk or bootable DVD (or put your Mac intoTarget Disk Modeand connect it to another Mac to access the filesystem)to remove the offending file from your boot volume.

6. Restart the server Mac you're going to put to sleep.

7. After it has restarted, open a Terminal window and verify that it sees your new sleep proxy with priority '10':

8. Verify that mDNSResponder on your machine that will sleep has detected your new Sleep Proxy:

In a Terminal window on the machine that will sleep, type:

The section 'Network Interfaces' in the syslog output lists the networkinterfaces on your machine that Bonjour knows about. For any interface which(a) Bonjour believes to be capable of Wake On LAN and (b) Bonjour hasdiscovered a Bonjour Sleep Proxy, you should see a black sun ('☀')immediately preceding the address at the end of the line, like this:

For any interface which (a) Bonjour believes to be capable of Wake On LAN but(b) no Sleep Proxy has been discovered yet, you should see a white sun('☼'). This means that Bonjour is willing to use a Sleep Proxy on thisinterface, but hasn't found one yet.

9. Select 'Sleep' from the Apple menu to put your server Mac to sleep.

10. On your test sleep proxy Mac you should see messages saying a client has registered its Bonjour records, like this:

Now that your server Mac is sleeping, it's time to access it from a client and see it wake..

Part Three: Waking the Sleeping Mac

Local Proxy For Mac Os

11. Access your sleeping server Mac over the network.

For example, if your sleeping server Mac has ssh enabled, on a client machine you can:

Mac Proxy Setting

1. Run Terminal
2. Press Cmd-Shift-K ('New Remote Connection' on the 'Shell' menu)
3. In the 'Service' list, click on 'Secure Shell (ssh)'
4. In the 'Server' list, click on your sleeping server's name
5. The command field at the bottom of the window will auto-populate with the appropriate command
6. Click 'Connect'

(Or you can open a Terminal window and type: ssh my-sleeping-mac.local)

12. Your sleeping server Mac should wake, virtually instantaneously.Depending on the model of Mac, you may even hear its power relays clickon at the exact moment you click the 'Connect' button.

13. On your test sleep proxy Mac you should see messages saying why it woke the sleeping server, like this:

The key line is the 'Waking host' line. In this case the Sleep Proxy iswaking the sleeping server because the Sleep Proxy saw a TCP SYN to port22.

If your sleeping server Mac keeps waking when you don't want it to, checkthe system.log messages on your test sleep proxy Mac and look for the 'Waking'line. That should tell you what service is being accessed that is causing itto wake. If you don't see any, then the sleep proxy didn't wake your server.On the sleeping server Mac that woke up you can run 'pmset -g log' which maygive a hint as to why it thought it woke up.

Further Debugging Information

For more information about what's happening on the server Mac that's going to sleep,you can turn on detailed Sleep Proxy logging just like you did for your Sleep Proxy Mac:

Now, after the server Mac has woken, you can look at itssystem.log messages to see what it did.

In particular, if you see 'BeginSleepProcessing: .. using local proxy'then that means you need to go back and do step (5) to tell mDNSResponder not to use thelocal NIC proxy.

If you see 'BeginSleepProcessing: .. Found Sleep Proxy Server ..'then that means your server Mac is using a Sleep Proxy it found on the network, andthe message tells you which network Sleep Proxy it is using.

Using Bonjour Sleep Proxy with Microsoft Windows

With Bonjour Sleep Proxy you can use any Windows machine (or indeed anydevice which supports TCP/IP) as a client to wake sleeping machines, withno additional software. Bonjour Sleep Proxy supports all TCP/IP clients.

Free Proxy Server For Mac

Bonjour Sleep Proxy can also wake sleeping Windows server machines on demand.

Set Up Proxy Server Mac

1. Download the Bonjour for Windows SDKfrom Apple's Open Source page
2. Open the C:Program FilesBonjour SDKInstaller directoryand run Bonjour for Windows installer
3. Open the C:Program FilesBonjour SDKBin directory,double-click the Bonjour Control Panel, and turn on the 'Enable Wake on Demand' checkbox.

When it sleeps, your Windows machine will now register its Bonjour-advertisedservices with your network Sleep Proxy.

If your Windows machine doesn't have any Bonjour-advertisedservices, you can simulate that by enabling some network service, and then usingthe dns-sd command-line tool in a Command Prompt window to create aBonjour registration on its behalf. For example, if you enabled ssh login on yourWindows machine, you'd advertise that like this:

Leave the dns-sd command running while doing yourtesting — you can minimize the Command Prompt window if youwant to get it out of the way.

More information about the dns-sd commandis available in Chapter 6 of the O'Reilly bookZero Configuration Networking: The Definitive Guide.